1. Gabatarwa
An fara yin nauyi mai nauyi a cikin motoci a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma da farko ’yan kato da gora na gargajiya ne suka jagorance su. Tare da ci gaba da ci gaba, ya sami gagarumin ci gaba. Daga lokacin da Indiyawa suka fara amfani da gawar aluminium don samar da crankshafts na kera motoci don samar da yawan jama'a na farko na Audi a cikin 1999, alloy na aluminum ya ga haɓaka mai ƙarfi a cikin aikace-aikacen kera motoci saboda fa'idodinsa kamar ƙarancin yawa, ƙayyadaddun ƙarfi da ƙarfi. kyawawa mai kyau da juriya mai tasiri, babban sake yin amfani da su, da kuma yawan farfadowa. A shekara ta 2015, yawan aikace-aikacen aluminum gami a cikin motoci ya riga ya wuce 35%.
Sauƙaƙan nauyin kera motoci na kasar Sin ya fara ne kasa da shekaru 10 da suka gabata, kuma duka fasahar fasaha da aikace-aikacen sun koma baya a bayan kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar Jamus, Amurka da Japan. Koyaya, tare da haɓaka sabbin motocin makamashi, ƙarancin nauyi na kayan yana ci gaba cikin sauri. Yin amfani da haɓakar sabbin motocin makamashi, fasahar sassauƙan motoci na kasar Sin na nuna yanayin da ake ciki na tunkarar ƙasashen da suka ci gaba.
Kasuwar kayan masarufi ta China tana da yawa. A daya hannun, idan aka kwatanta da kasashen da suka ci gaba a ketare, fasahar rage nauyi ta kasar Sin ta fara a makare, kuma yawan abin hawa Curb nauyi ya fi girma. Idan aka yi la'akari da ma'auni na rabon kayan masu nauyi a cikin kasashen waje, har yanzu akwai wadataccen damar ci gaba a kasar Sin. A daya hannun kuma, bisa manufofi, saurin bunkasuwar sabbin masana'antun motocin makamashi na kasar Sin, zai sa kaimi ga samar da kayayyaki masu nauyi, da karfafa gwiwar kamfanonin kera motoci, su tashi tsaye wajen yin nauyi.
Ingantacciyar haɓakar hayaƙi da ƙimar amfani da man fetur yana tilasta haɓakar ƙarancin nauyi na mota. Kasar Sin ta aiwatar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na kasar Sin VI a shekarar 2020. Bisa tsarin "Hanyar Kima da Manuniya don Amfani da Man Fetur na Motocin Fasinja" da "Tsarin Taswirar Fasahar Kera Makamashi da Sabbin Fasahar Motar Makamashi," daidaitaccen amfani da man fetur 5.0 L/km. Yin la'akari da ƙayyadaddun sararin samaniya don gagarumin ci gaba a cikin fasahar injina da rage hayaki, ɗaukar matakan da za a iya ɗauka don rage yawan hayakin mota da amfani da mai. Sauƙaƙe na sabbin motocin makamashi ya zama hanya mai mahimmanci don haɓaka masana'antu.
A cikin 2016, Kamfanin Injiniyan Motoci na kasar Sin ya ba da "Taswirar Taswirar Makamashi da Sabuwar Taswirar Fasahar Motar Makamashi," wanda ya tsara abubuwa kamar amfani da makamashi, kewayon tafiye-tafiye, da kayan masana'anta don sabbin motocin makamashi daga 2020 zuwa 2030. Hasken nauyi zai zama babban jagora. don haɓaka sabbin motocin makamashi na gaba. Hasken nauyi na iya haɓaka kewayon tafiye-tafiye da magance "damuwa da yawa" a cikin sabbin motocin makamashi. Tare da karuwar buƙatun tsawaita kewayon balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro, ɗaukar nauyi na mota ya zama cikin gaggawa, kuma siyar da sabbin motocin makamashi ya ƙaru sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Bisa ka'idojin tsarin maki da kuma "tsarin ci gaba na tsakiya zuwa dogon zango na masana'antun kera motoci," an kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2025, cinikin sabbin motocin makamashin da kasar Sin za ta yi zai wuce raka'a miliyan 6, tare da samun karuwar karuwar a duk shekara. kudi ya wuce 38%.
2.Aluminum Alloy Halaye da Aikace-aikace
2.1 Halayen Aluminum Alloy
Girman aluminum shine kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙarfe, yana sa ya fi sauƙi. Yana da ƙarfin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙarfi, iyawar extrusion mai kyau, juriya mai ƙarfi, da babban sake amfani da su. Aluminum alloys suna halin kasancewa da farko sun ƙunshi magnesium, suna nuna kyakkyawan juriya na zafi, kyawawan kayan walda, ƙarfin gajiya mai kyau, rashin ƙarfin ƙarfafawa ta hanyar maganin zafi, da kuma ikon ƙara ƙarfi ta hanyar aikin sanyi. An kwatanta jerin 6 ta kasancewa da farko sun ƙunshi magnesium da silicon, tare da Mg2Si a matsayin babban lokaci na ƙarfafawa. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a cikin wannan rukuni sune 6063, 6061, da 6005A. 5052 aluminum farantin ne AL-Mg jerin gami aluminum farantin, tare da magnesium a matsayin babban alloying kashi. Shi ne mafi yadu amfani anti-tsatsa aluminum gami. Wannan gami yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, ƙarfin gajiya mai ƙarfi, filastik mai kyau da juriya na lalata, ba za a iya ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar magani mai zafi ba, yana da kyawawan filastik a cikin aikin sanyi mai sanyi, ƙarancin filastik a cikin aikin sanyi mai ƙarfi, juriya mai kyau, da kyawawan abubuwan walda. Ana amfani da shi musamman don abubuwan da aka gyara kamar sassan gefe, murfin rufin, da sassan kofa. 6063 aluminum alloy ne mai zafi-magani ƙarfafa gami a cikin jerin AL-Mg-Si, tare da magnesium da silicon a matsayin babban alloying abubuwa. Yana da wani zafi-magani ƙarfafa aluminum gami profile tare da matsakaicin ƙarfi, yafi amfani a tsarin sassa kamar ginshiƙai da gefe bangarori don ɗaukar ƙarfi. An nuna gabatarwa ga makin alloy na aluminum a cikin Tebu 1.
2.2 Extrusion hanya ce mai mahimmanci ta Samar da Aluminum Alloy
Aluminum gami extrusion ne mai zafi kafa hanya, da kuma dukan samar da tsari ya shafi kafa aluminum gami karkashin uku-hanyar matsawa danniya. Ana iya siffanta dukkan tsarin samarwa kamar haka: a. Aluminum da sauran kayan haɗin gwal suna narkar da su kuma a jefa su cikin buƙatun da ake buƙata na aluminum gami; b. Ana saka billet ɗin da aka rigaya a cikin kayan aikin extrusion don extrusion. A karkashin aikin babban silinda, an kafa billet na aluminum alloy a cikin bayanan da ake buƙata ta hanyar rami na mold; c. Don inganta kayan aikin injiniya na bayanan martaba na aluminum, ana gudanar da maganin maganin a lokacin ko bayan extrusion, sannan kuma maganin tsufa. Abubuwan injiniya bayan maganin tsufa sun bambanta bisa ga kayan daban-daban da tsarin tsufa. Ana nuna yanayin maganin zafi na bayanan martaba na nau'in akwati a cikin Tebu 2.
Aluminum gami extruded kayayyakin da dama abũbuwan amfãni a kan sauran kafa hanyoyin:
a. A lokacin extrusion, da extruded karfe samun karfi da kuma mafi uniform uku-hanyoyi matsa lamba a cikin nakasawa yankin fiye da birgima da ƙirƙira, don haka zai iya cikakken wasa da roba na sarrafa karfen. Ana iya amfani da shi don sarrafa karafa masu wahala-zuwa waɗanda ba za a iya sarrafa su ta hanyar birgima ko ƙirƙira ba kuma ana iya amfani da su don yin rikitattun sassa daban-daban na ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar ƙetaren giciye.
b. Saboda ma'auni na bayanan martaba na aluminum na iya zama daban-daban, abubuwan da suke da su suna da tsayi mai tsayi, wanda zai iya inganta ƙarfin jikin abin hawa, rage halayen NVH, da inganta halayen sarrafa motsin abin hawa.
c. Kayayyakin da ke da ingancin extrusion, bayan quenching da tsufa, suna da ƙarfin tsayin tsayi sosai (R, Raz) fiye da samfuran da aka sarrafa ta wasu hanyoyin.
d. Samfurin samfurori bayan extrusion yana da launi mai kyau da kuma juriya mai kyau na lalata, yana kawar da buƙatar sauran jiyya na gyaran fuska.
e. Extrusion sarrafawa yana da babban sassauci, ƙananan kayan aiki da farashin ƙira, da ƙarancin canjin ƙira.
f. Saboda ikon sarrafawar sassan bayanan martaba na aluminum, ana iya ƙara yawan matakan haɗin kai, za'a iya rage yawan adadin abubuwan da aka gyara, kuma daban-daban zane-zane na giciye na iya cimma daidaitattun matakan walda.
An nuna kwatancen aikin tsakanin bayanan martabar aluminium extruded don manyan motoci-nau'in akwati da karafa na carbon carbon a cikin Tebu 3.
Jagoran Haɓakawa na gaba na Bayanan Bayanin Alloy na Aluminum don Motocin Nau'in Akwatin: Ƙara haɓaka ƙarfin bayanin martaba da haɓaka aikin extrusion. Jagoran bincike na sabbin kayan bayanan bayanan alloy na aluminum don manyan manyan motoci masu nau'in akwati an nuna su a cikin Hoto 1.
3.Aluminum Alloy Box Structure, Ƙarfin Ƙarfi, da Tabbatarwa
3.1 Tsarin Akwatin Alloy na Aluminum
Akwatin babban akwati ya ƙunshi taro na gaba, gefen hagu da dama, taron gefen ƙofar baya, taron bene, taron rufin, da kuma kusoshi mai siffar U, masu gadi na gefe, masu gadi na baya, laka, da sauran kayan haɗi. an haɗa da chassis mai aji na biyu. Akwatin jikin giciye katako, ginshiƙai, ginshiƙai na gefe, da ƙofofin kofa an yi su ne da bayanan martaba na alloy na aluminum, yayin da bene da rufin rufin an yi su da faranti 5052 na aluminum gami. Ana nuna tsarin motar akwatin alloy aluminium a hoto na 2.
Amfani da zafi extrusion tsari na 6 jerin aluminum gami iya samar da hadaddun m giciye-sections, wani zane na aluminum profiles tare da hadaddun giciye-sections iya ajiye kayan, hadu da bukatun da samfurin ƙarfi da stiffness, da kuma saduwa da bukatun da juna dangane tsakanin juna. sassa daban-daban. Saboda haka, babban tsarin ƙirar katako da lokutan sashe na inertia I da lokacin tsayayya W ana nuna su a cikin Hoto 3.
Kwatanta mahimman bayanai a cikin Teburin 4 ya nuna cewa lokutan sashe na rashin ƙarfi da lokacin juriya na ƙirar aluminum da aka tsara sun fi daidaitattun bayanan bayanan ƙarfe na ƙarfe. Ƙididdigar ƙaƙƙarfan bayanai kusan iri ɗaya ne da na madaidaicin bayanin martabar katako na ƙarfe, kuma duk sun cika buƙatun nakasar.
3.2 Matsakaicin ƙididdige damuwa
Ɗaukar maɓalli mai ɗaukar nauyin maɓalli, giciye, a matsayin abu, an ƙididdige yawan damuwa. Matsayin da aka ƙididdige shi ne 1.5 t, kuma crossbeam an yi shi ne na 6063-T6 aluminum alloy profile tare da kayan aikin injiniya kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Table 5. An sauƙaƙe katako a matsayin tsarin cantilever don lissafin karfi, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 4.
Ɗaukar katako mai tsayi na 344mm, nauyin matsawa akan katako ana ƙididdige shi a matsayin F=3757 N bisa 4.5t, wanda shine sau uku daidaitattun nauyin nauyi. q=F/L
inda q shine damuwa na ciki na katako a ƙarƙashin kaya, N / mm; F shine nauyin da katako ya ɗauka, wanda aka ƙididdige shi bisa la'akari da sau 3 daidaitattun ma'auni, wanda shine 4.5 t; L shine tsayin katako, mm.
Saboda haka, damuwa na ciki q shine:
Tsarin lissafin damuwa shine kamar haka:
Matsakaicin lokacin shine:
Ɗaukar cikakkiyar ƙimar lokacin, M = 274283 N · mm, matsakaicin matsakaicin σ = M / (1.05 × w) = 18.78 MPa, da matsakaicin matsakaicin darajar σ <215 MPa, wanda ya dace da bukatun.
3.3 Halayen Haɗuwa na Abubuwa Daban-daban
Aluminum gami yana da matalauta walda Properties, kuma ta waldi batu ne kawai 60% na tushe kayan ƙarfi. Saboda rufe wani Layer na Al2O3 a kan aluminum alloy surface, da narkewa batu na Al2O3 ne high, yayin da narkewa batu na aluminum ne low. Lokacin da aka yi waldi na aluminum, Al2O3 a saman dole ne a karya da sauri don yin walda. A lokaci guda, ragowar Al2O3 za su kasance a cikin maganin al'ada na aluminium, yana shafar tsarin ƙirar aluminium da rage ƙarfin ma'aunin walƙiya na aluminum. Sabili da haka, lokacin zayyana duk wani akwati na aluminium, ana la'akari da waɗannan halayen gabaɗaya. Walda ita ce babbar hanyar sakawa, kuma ana haɗa manyan abubuwan da ke ɗaukar kaya ta hanyar kusoshi. Ana nuna haɗin kai irin su riveting da tsarin dovetail a Figures 5 da 6.
Babban tsarin jikin akwatin akwatin aluminium yana ɗaukar tsari tare da ginshiƙai na kwance, ginshiƙai na tsaye, ginshiƙan gefe, da ƙugiya na gefen da ke haɗuwa da juna. Akwai maki huɗu na haɗi tsakanin kowane katako mai kwance da ginshiƙi na tsaye. An sanya wuraren haɗin haɗin gwiwa tare da gaskets ɗin da aka yi amfani da su zuwa raga tare da gefen katako na kwance, yana hana zamewa yadda ya kamata. Wuraren kusurwa takwas an haɗa su ne ta hanyar abubuwan shigar da ƙarfe na ƙarfe, an gyara su tare da kusoshi da rivets masu kulle kai, kuma an ƙarfafa su ta hanyar faranti na alwatika na 5mm masu walƙiya a cikin akwatin don ƙarfafa kusurwar ciki. Siffar akwatin na waje ba ta da walƙiya ko fallasa wuraren haɗin gwiwa, yana tabbatar da cikakkiyar bayyanar akwatin.
3.4 SE Fasahar Injiniyan Daidaitawa
Ana amfani da fasahar injiniyan synchronous SE don magance matsalolin da ke haifar da manyan bambance-bambancen girman girman don daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin jikin akwatin da matsalolin gano abubuwan da ke haifar da giɓi da gazawar flatness. Ta hanyar nazarin CAE (duba Hoto na 7-8), ana gudanar da nazarin kwatancen tare da jikin akwatin da aka yi da ƙarfe don duba ƙarfin gabaɗaya da taurin jikin akwatin, nemo maki mara ƙarfi, da ɗaukar matakan haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin ƙira yadda ya kamata. .
4.Lightweighting Effect na Aluminum Alloy Box Truck
Baya ga jikin akwatin, ana iya amfani da allunan aluminium don maye gurbin ƙarfe don sassa daban-daban na kwantena na nau'in akwati, kamar su masu gadin laka, masu gadi na baya, masu gadi na gefe, latches na kofa, hinges ɗin kofa, da gefuna na baya, cimma raguwar nauyi. na 30% zuwa 40% don rukunin kaya. The nauyi rage sakamako ga wani fanko 4080mm × 2300mm × 2200mm kaya akwati aka nuna a cikin Table 6. Wannan fundamentally warware matsalolin da wuce kima nauyi, rashin yarda da sanarwar, da kuma kayyade kasada na gargajiya baƙin ƙarfe-sanya kaya compartments.
Ta hanyar maye gurbin ƙarfe na gargajiya tare da allunan aluminium don abubuwan haɗin mota, ba wai kawai za a iya samun kyakkyawan sakamako mai sauƙi ba, amma kuma yana iya ba da gudummawa ga tanadin mai, rage fitar da iska, da haɓaka aikin abin hawa. A halin yanzu, akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da gudummawar nauyin nauyi don tanadin mai. An nuna sakamakon bincike na Cibiyar Aluminum ta Duniya a cikin Hoto 9. Kowane 10% raguwa na nauyin abin hawa zai iya rage yawan man fetur da 6% zuwa 8%. Bisa kididdigar gida, rage nauyin kowane motar fasinja da kilogiram 100 na iya rage yawan man fetur da 0.4 L/100 km. Gudunmawar nauyi mai nauyi don tanadin mai ta dogara ne akan sakamakon da aka samu daga hanyoyin bincike daban-daban, don haka akwai ɗan bambanci. Koyaya, ƙarancin nauyi na mota yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan rage yawan mai.
Ga motocin lantarki, tasirin nauyi ya ma fi fitowa fili. A halin yanzu, adadin kuzarin batir ɗin abin hawa lantarki ya sha bamban sosai da na motocin mai na gargajiya. Nauyin tsarin wutar lantarki (ciki har da baturi) na motocin lantarki yakan kai kashi 20% zuwa 30% na jimlar nauyin abin hawa. A lokaci guda, ƙetare ƙaƙƙarfan aikin batura ƙalubale ne na duniya. Kafin a sami babban ci gaba a fasahar batir mai inganci, nauyi mai nauyi hanya ce mai inganci don haɓaka kewayon motocin lantarki. Ga kowane 100 kg rage nauyi, da cruising kewayon lantarki motocin za a iya ƙara da 6% zuwa 11% (dangantaka tsakanin rage nauyi da cruising kewayon an nuna a Figure 10). A halin yanzu, kewayon tafiye-tafiye na motocin lantarki masu tsabta ba za su iya biyan bukatun yawancin mutane ba, amma rage nauyi ta wani adadin zai iya inganta yanayin tafiye-tafiye, rage yawan damuwa da haɓaka ƙwarewar mai amfani.
5.Kammalawa
Bugu da ƙari ga tsarin duk-aluminum na akwatin akwatin allo na aluminum da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, akwai nau'o'in motoci daban-daban, irin su ginshiƙan saƙar zuma na aluminum, faranti na aluminum, firam ɗin aluminum + fatun aluminum, da kwantena na ƙarfe-aluminum hybrid kwantena. . Suna da abũbuwan amfãni daga haske nauyi, high takamaiman ƙarfi, da kuma mai kyau lalata juriya, kuma ba sa bukatar electrophoretic fenti don lalata kariya, rage muhalli tasirin electrophoretic fenti. Motar akwatin alloy na aluminum da gaske tana magance matsalolin kiba mai yawa, rashin bin sanarwa, da haɗarin ƙa'idodi na ɗakunan kayan ƙarfe na gargajiya na gargajiya.
Extrusion hanya ce mai mahimmanci don sarrafa kayan aluminium, kuma bayanan martaba na aluminium suna da kyawawan kaddarorin injina, don haka taurin sassan sassan yana da inganci. Saboda madaidaicin ɓangaren giciye, allunan aluminium na iya cimma haɗuwa da ayyukan sassa da yawa, yana mai da shi kyakkyawan abu don ɗaukar nauyi na mota. Duk da haka, aikace-aikacen da aka yadu na kayan aikin aluminum yana fuskantar ƙalubale kamar ƙarancin ƙira don ɗakunan kayan aikin aluminum, samar da al'amurran da suka shafi walda, da haɓakawa da haɓakawa don sababbin samfurori. Babban dalilin har yanzu shine cewa aluminum gami farashin fiye da karfe kafin sake amfani da ilimin halitta na aluminum gami ya zama balagagge.
A ƙarshe, iyakokin aikace-aikacen allo na aluminum a cikin motoci za su ƙara girma, kuma amfanin su zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A cikin yanayin halin yanzu na ceton makamashi, raguwar fitarwa, da haɓaka sabbin masana'antun makamashi na makamashi, tare da zurfafa fahimtar abubuwan haɗin gwiwar aluminum da ingantattun mafita ga matsalolin aikace-aikacen alloy na aluminum, kayan extrusion na aluminum za a fi amfani da su a cikin haɓakar mota.
May Jiang ta gyara daga MAT Aluminum
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-12-2024
