Copper
Lokacin da aluminium-arzikin ɓangare na aluminum-tagulla gami shine 548, matsakaicin solubility na jan karfe a cikin aluminum shine 5.65%. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya faɗi zuwa 302, solubility na jan karfe shine 0.45%. Copper wani muhimmin abu ne na gami kuma yana da takamaiman tasiri mai ƙarfi na bayani. Bugu da ƙari, CuAl2 da aka haɓaka ta hanyar tsufa yana da tabbataccen tasirin ƙarfafa tsufa. Abubuwan da ke cikin jan ƙarfe a cikin allunan aluminum yawanci tsakanin 2.5% da 5%, kuma tasirin ƙarfafawa ya fi kyau lokacin da abun ciki na jan karfe ya kasance tsakanin 4% da 6.8%, don haka abun ciki na jan karfe na mafi yawan duralumin alloys yana cikin wannan kewayon. Aluminum-Copper Alloys iya ƙunshi ƙasa da silicon, magnesium, manganese, chromium, zinc, baƙin ƙarfe da sauran abubuwa.
Siliki
Lokacin da ɓangaren aluminium mai arzikin Al-Si gami tsarin yana da eutectic zafin jiki na 577, matsakaicin solubility na silicon a cikin m bayani ne 1.65%. Kodayake solubility yana raguwa tare da raguwar zafin jiki, waɗannan gami gabaɗaya ba za a iya ƙarfafa su ta hanyar maganin zafi ba. Aluminum-silicon gami yana da kyawawan kaddarorin siminti da juriyar lalata. Idan an ƙara magnesium da silicon a cikin aluminum a lokaci guda don samar da aluminum-magnesium-silicon gami, lokacin ƙarfafawa shine MgSi. Matsakaicin adadin magnesium zuwa silicon shine 1.73: 1. Lokacin zayyana abun da ke ciki na Al-Mg-Si gami, abubuwan da ke cikin magnesium da silicon an daidaita su a cikin wannan rabo akan matrix. Domin inganta ƙarfin wasu allunan Al-Mg-Si, ana ƙara adadin jan ƙarfe da ya dace, kuma ana ƙara adadin chromium da ya dace don rage illar jan ƙarfe akan juriyar lalata.
Matsakaicin solubility na Mg2Si a cikin aluminium a cikin ɓangaren aluminium-arziƙi na tsarin ma'auni na tsarin alloy na Al-Mg2Si shine 1.85%, kuma raguwar ƙanƙanta ne yayin da zafin jiki ya ragu. A cikin naƙasasshiyar allunan aluminium, ƙari na silicon kaɗai zuwa aluminium yana iyakance ga kayan walda, ƙari na siliki zuwa aluminium shima yana da tasirin ƙarfafawa.
Magnesium
Ko da yake lanƙwan solubility ya nuna cewa solubility na magnesium a cikin aluminum yana raguwa sosai yayin da zafin jiki ya ragu, abun ciki na magnesium a cikin mafi yawan masana'antun nakasassu na aluminum bai wuce 6%. Abubuwan da ke cikin siliki kuma ba su da yawa. Irin wannan gami ba za a iya ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar magani mai zafi ba, amma yana da kyakkyawan walƙiya, juriya mai kyau, da matsakaicin ƙarfi. Ƙarfafawar aluminum ta magnesium a bayyane yake. Ga kowane karuwar kashi 1% na magnesium, ƙarfin tensile yana ƙaruwa da kusan 34MPa. Idan an ƙara ƙasa da 1% manganese, ana iya ƙara tasirin ƙarfafawa. Sabili da haka, ƙara manganese zai iya rage abun ciki na magnesium kuma ya rage yanayin zafi mai zafi. Bugu da kari, manganese kuma iya uniformly hazo Mg5Al8 mahadi, inganta lalata juriya da waldi yi.
Manganese
Lokacin da eutectic zafin jiki na lebur ma'auni lokaci zane na Al-Mn gami tsarin ne 658, matsakaicin solubility na manganese a cikin m bayani ne 1.82%. Ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwa a cikin solubility. Lokacin da abun ciki na manganese shine 0.8%, elongation ya kai matsakaicin darajar. Al-Mn alloy wani allo ne wanda ba ya da shekaru, wato, ba za a iya ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar maganin zafi ba. Manganese na iya hana tsarin recrystallization na aluminum gami, ƙara yawan zafin jiki na recrystallization, da kuma inganta ƙwayar hatsi mai mahimmanci. Gyaran hatsin da aka sake gyarawa shine yafi saboda gaskiyar cewa barbashi da aka tarwatsa na mahadi na MnAl6 suna hana haɓakar ƙwayar recrystallized. Wani aiki na MnAl6 shine narkar da ƙarfe mai ƙazanta don samar da (Fe, Mn) Al6, yana rage illar baƙin ƙarfe. Manganese abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin alluran aluminum. Ana iya ƙara shi kaɗai don ƙirƙirar alloy na Al-Mn. Mafi sau da yawa, an ƙara shi tare da sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. Sabili da haka, yawancin alluran aluminum sun ƙunshi manganese.
Zinc
Solubility na zinc a cikin aluminum shine 31.6% a 275 a cikin ɓangaren aluminum-arziƙi na tsarin ma'auni na tsarin tsarin Al-Zn alloy, yayin da solubility ya ragu zuwa 5.6% a 125. Ƙara zinc kadai zuwa aluminum yana da iyakacin haɓakawa a cikin Ƙarfin ƙarfe na aluminum a ƙarƙashin yanayin lalacewa. A lokaci guda, akwai hali na damuwa lalata lalata, don haka iyakance aikace-aikace. Ƙara zinc da magnesium zuwa aluminum a lokaci guda yana samar da lokaci na ƙarfafawa Mg / Zn2, wanda yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan haɗin gwiwa. Lokacin da abun ciki na Mg/Zn2 ya karu daga 0.5% zuwa 12%, ana iya ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa. A cikin superhard aluminum gami inda abun ciki na magnesium ya wuce adadin da ake buƙata don samar da lokaci na Mg/Zn2, lokacin da aka sarrafa rabon zinc zuwa magnesium a kusa da 2.7, juriya na lalata damuwa ya fi girma. Misali, ƙara sinadarin jan ƙarfe zuwa Al-Zn-Mg yana samar da jerin alloy na Al-Zn-Mg-Cu. Tasirin ƙarfafa tushe shine mafi girma a cikin dukkanin allunan aluminum. Har ila yau, muhimmin abu ne na aluminum gami a cikin sararin samaniya, masana'antar jiragen sama, da masana'antar wutar lantarki.
Iron da silicon
An ƙara baƙin ƙarfe azaman abubuwan alloying a cikin jerin Al-Cu-Mg-Ni-Fe waɗanda aka ƙera aluminium, kuma ana ƙara silicon azaman abubuwan alloying a cikin jerin Al-Mg-Si waɗanda aka yi aluminium kuma a cikin jerin sandunan walda na Al-Si da simintin aluminum-silicon. gami. A cikin kayan kwalliyar aluminum, silicon da baƙin ƙarfe sune abubuwa na ƙazanta na yau da kullun, waɗanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan kaddarorin gami. Suna kasancewa a matsayin FeCl3 da silicon kyauta. Lokacin da silicon ya fi ƙarfe girma, β-FeSiAl3 (ko Fe2Si2Al9) an kafa lokaci, kuma lokacin da ƙarfe ya fi silicon girma, an kafa α-Fe2SiAl8 (ko Fe3Si2Al12). Lokacin da rabon ƙarfe da silicon bai dace ba, zai haifar da tsagewar simintin. Lokacin da abun ciki na baƙin ƙarfe a cikin simintin aluminum ya yi yawa, simintin zai zama mara ƙarfi.
Titanium da Boron
Titanium abu ne da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin alluran aluminium, wanda aka ƙara ta hanyar Al-Ti ko Al-Ti-B babban gami. Titanium da aluminium suna samar da lokaci na TiAl2, wanda ya zama ainihin abin da ba zai yiwu ba yayin crystallization kuma yana taka rawa wajen daidaita tsarin simintin gyare-gyare da tsarin walda. Lokacin da Al-Ti alloys ke jure yanayin fakitin, mahimman abun ciki na titanium kusan 0.15%. Idan boron ya kasance, raguwar raguwar ya kai 0.01%.
Chromium
Chromium abu ne na gama-gari na ƙari a cikin jerin Al-Mg-Si, jerin Al-Mg-Zn, da jerin alloys na Al-Mg. A 600 ° C, solubility na chromium a cikin aluminum shine 0.8%, kuma yana da mahimmanci a zafin jiki. Chromium yana samar da mahadi masu tsaka-tsaki irin su (CrFe) Al7 da (CrMn) Al12 a cikin aluminum, wanda ke hana tsarin haɓakawa da haɓakar haɓakawa na recrystallization kuma yana da wani tasiri mai ƙarfafawa akan gami. Hakanan zai iya inganta taurin gami da rage damuwa ga lalatawar lalata.
Koyaya, rukunin yanar gizon yana ƙaruwa da hankali, yana sanya fim ɗin anodized rawaya. Adadin chromium da aka ƙara zuwa ga al'ada na aluminum gabaɗaya baya wuce 0.35%, kuma yana raguwa tare da haɓaka abubuwan canzawa a cikin gami.
Strontium
Strontium wani nau'i ne mai aiki na sama wanda zai iya canza halayen tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin crystallographically. Sabili da haka, gyaran gyare-gyare tare da nau'in strontium na iya inganta aikin filastik na gami da ingancin samfurin ƙarshe. Saboda tsawon lokacin gyare-gyaren da ya dace, sakamako mai kyau da sakewa, strontium ya maye gurbin amfani da sodium a cikin Al-Si simintin simintin gyare-gyare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ƙara 0.015% ~ 0.03% strontium zuwa ga aluminum gami don extrusion juya β-AlFeSi lokaci a cikin ingot cikin α-AlFeSi lokaci, rage ingot homogenization lokaci ta 60% ~ 70%, inganta inji Properties da filastik processability na kayan; inganta saman roughness na kayayyakin.
Domin high-silicon (10% ~ 13%) nakasasshen aluminum gami, ƙara 0.02% ~ 0.07% strontium kashi na iya rage na farko lu'ulu'u zuwa mafi m, da kuma inji Properties ma muhimmanci inganta. Ƙarfin ƙarfin бb yana ƙaruwa daga 233MPa zuwa 236MPa, kuma ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa б0.2 ya karu daga 204MPa zuwa 210MPa, kuma elongation б5 ya karu daga 9% zuwa 12%. Ƙara strontium zuwa hypereutectic Al-Si gami na iya rage girman ɓangarorin silicon na farko, haɓaka kayan sarrafa filastik, da ba da damar mirgina mai zafi da sanyi.
Zirconium
Zirconium kuma ƙari ne na gama gari a cikin allunan aluminum. Gabaɗaya, adadin da aka ƙara a cikin alluran aluminum shine 0.1% ~ 0.3%. Zirconium da aluminum suna samar da mahadi na ZrAl3, wanda zai iya hana tsarin sake sakewa da kuma tsaftace hatsin da aka sake sakewa. Zirconium kuma na iya tace tsarin simintin, amma tasirin ya fi titanium karami. Kasancewar zirconium zai rage tasirin gyaran hatsi na titanium da boron. A cikin Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, tun da zirconium yana da ƙaramin tasiri akan quenching hankali fiye da chromium da manganese, ya dace a yi amfani da zirconium maimakon chromium da manganese don tsaftace tsarin da aka sake sakewa.
Rare abubuwan duniya
Abubuwan da ba kasafai ba ana ƙara su zuwa ga gami na aluminium don haɓaka haɓakar abubuwan haɓaka yayin simintin allo na aluminium, tace hatsi, rage tazara na kristal na biyu, rage iskar gas da haɗaɗɗun gami a cikin gami, kuma suna haɓaka lokacin haɗawa. Hakanan zai iya rage tashin hankali na saman narke, ƙara yawan ruwa, da sauƙaƙe jefawa cikin ingots, wanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikin tsari. Zai fi kyau a ƙara ƙasa daban-daban a cikin adadin kusan 0.1%. Bugu da kari na gauraye rare earths (gauraye La-Ce-Pr-Nd, da dai sauransu) rage m zafin jiki na samuwar GP zone a cikin Al-0.65%Mg-0.61% Si alloy. Aluminum gami da ke ɗauke da magnesium na iya haɓaka haɓakar abubuwan da ba kasafai ba a duniya.
Rashin tsarki
Vanadium yana samar da fili na refractory Val11 a cikin alluran aluminium, wanda ke taka rawa wajen tace hatsi yayin aikin narkewa da simintin gyare-gyare, amma matsayinsa ya yi ƙasa da na titanium da zirconium. Har ila yau, Vanadium yana da tasirin sake fasalin tsarin da aka sake sakewa da kuma ƙara yawan zafin jiki na recrystallization.
Ƙaƙƙarfan solubility na alli a cikin allunan aluminum yana da ƙananan ƙananan, kuma yana samar da fili na CaAl4 tare da aluminum. Calcium wani abu ne na superplastic na aluminum gami. Aluminum gami da kusan 5% alli da 5% manganese yana da superplasticity. Calcium da silicon sun zama CaSi, wanda ba a iya narkewa a cikin aluminum. Tun da m bayani adadin silicon aka rage, da lantarki watsin na masana'antu tsarki aluminum za a iya dan kadan inganta. Calcium na iya inganta aikin yankan na aluminum gami. CaSi2 ba zai iya ƙarfafa alluran aluminium ta hanyar maganin zafi ba. Abubuwan da aka gano na calcium suna taimakawa wajen cire hydrogen daga narkakken aluminum.
Lead, tin, da bismuth abubuwan ƙananan ƙarfe ne masu narkewa. Su m solubility a aluminum ne kananan, wanda dan kadan rage ƙarfin gami, amma zai iya inganta yankan yi. Bismuth yana faɗaɗa lokacin ƙarfafawa, wanda ke da amfani ga ciyarwa. Ƙara bismuth zuwa manyan abubuwan haɗin magnesium na iya hana haɓakar sodium.
An fi amfani da Antimony azaman mai gyarawa a cikin simintin ƙarfe na aluminium, kuma ba kasafai ake amfani da shi a gurɓatattun allunan aluminum. Kawai maye gurbin bismuth a cikin Al-Mg gurɓataccen alloy na aluminum don hana ɓarna sodium. Ana ƙara sinadarin Antimony zuwa wasu allunan Al-Zn-Mg-Cu don haɓaka aikin latsa zafi da latsa sanyi.
Beryllium zai iya inganta tsarin tsarin fim din oxide a cikin nakasasshen aluminum gami da rage ƙonawa da kuma haɗawa yayin narkewa da simintin gyare-gyare. Beryllium wani abu ne mai guba wanda zai iya haifar da guba a cikin mutane. Don haka, beryllium ba zai iya ƙunsar a cikin allunan aluminium waɗanda ke haɗuwa da abinci da abubuwan sha ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin beryllium a cikin kayan walda yawanci ana sarrafa su a ƙasa 8μg/ml. Aluminum gami da aka yi amfani da su azaman kayan walda ya kamata su sarrafa abun ciki na beryllium.
Sodium kusan ba zai iya narkewa a cikin aluminum, kuma matsakaicin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi shine ƙasa da 0.0025%. da narkewa batu na sodium ne low (97.8 ℃), a lokacin da sodium ne ba a cikin gami, shi ne adsorbed a kan dendrite surface ko hatsi iyaka a lokacin solidification, a lokacin zafi aiki, da sodium a kan hatsi iyaka Forms wani ruwa adsorption Layer. wanda ya haifar da fashewar raguwa, samuwar mahaɗan NaAlSi, babu sodium kyauta, kuma baya samar da "sodium brittle".
Lokacin da abun ciki na magnesium ya wuce kashi 2%, magnesium yana ɗaukar siliki kuma yana zubar da sodium kyauta, yana haifar da "ƙasasshen sodium". Don haka, ba a ba da izinin babban ƙarfe na aluminium na magnesium don amfani da ruwan gishiri na sodium ba. Hanyoyin hana "sodium embrittlement" sun hada da chlorination, wanda ke haifar da sodium don samar da NaCl kuma an saki a cikin slag, ƙara bismuth don samar da Na2Bi da shigar da matrix karfe; ƙara antimony don samar da Na3Sb ko ƙara ƙananan ƙasa kuma na iya samun tasiri iri ɗaya.
May Jiang ta gyara daga MAT Aluminum
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-08-2024
